Compiled by Zoltan Grossman
(revised October 8, 2001)
The following is a partial list of U.S. military
interventions from 1890 to Ý2000. This
guide does NOT include demonstration duty by military police, mobilizations of
the National Guard, offshore shows of naval strength, reinforcements of embassy
personnel, the use of non-Defense Department personnel (such as the Drug
Enforcement Agency), military exercises, non-combat mobilizations (such as
replacing postal strikers), the permanent stationing of armed forces, covert
actions where the U.S. did not play a command and control role, the use of
small hostage rescue units, most uses of proxy troops, U.S. piloting of foreign
warplanes, foreign disaster assistance, military training and advisory programs
not involving direct combat, civic action programs, and many other military
activities.
Among sources used, besides news reports, are
the Congressional Record (23 June 1969), 180 Landings by the U.S. Marine Corps
History Division, Ege & Makhijani in Counterspy (July-Aug. 1982), and
Daniel Ellsberg in Protest & Survive. ìInstances of Use of United States
Forces Abroad, 1798-1993" by Ellen C. Collier of the Library of Congress
Congressional Research Service.
* * *
SOUTH DAKOTA
1890 (-?)
Troops
300 Lakota Indians massacred at Wounded Knee.
ARGENTINA
1890
Troops
Buenos Aires interests protected.
CHILE
1891
Troops
Marines clash with nationalist rebels.
HAITI
1891
Troops
Black workers revolt on U.S.-claimed Navassa
Island defeated.
IDAHO
1892
Troops
Army suppresses silver miners' strike.
HAWAII
1893 (-?)
Naval, troops
Independent kingdom overthrown, annexed.
CHICAGO
1894
Troops
Breaking of rail strike, 34 killed
NICARAGUA
1894
Troops
Month-long occupation of Bluefields.
CHINA
1894-95
Naval, troops
Marines land in Sino-Jap War.
KOREA
1894-96
Troops
Marines kept in Seoul during war.
PANAMA
1895
Troops, naval
Marines land in Colombian province.
NICARAGUA
1896
Troops
Marines land in port of Corinto.
CHINA
1898-1900
Troops / Boxer Rebellion fought by foreign
armies.
PHILIPPINES
1898-1910(-?)
Naval, troops
Seized from Spain, killed
600,000 Filipinos.
CUBA
1898-1902(-?)
Naval, troops
Seized from Spain, still hold Navy base.
PUERTO RICO
1898(-?)
Naval, troops
Seized from Spain, occupation continues.
GUAM
1898(-?)
Naval, troopsÝ /Ý Seized from Spain,
still used as base.
MINNESOTA
1898(-?)
Troops
Army battles Chippewa at Leech Lake.
NICARAGUA
1898
Troops
Marines land at port of San Juan del Sur.
SAMOA
1899(-?)
Troops
Battle over succession to throne.
NICARAGUA
1899
Troops/Marines land at port of Bluefields.
IDAHO
1899-1901
Troops/Army occupies Coeur d'Alene mining
region.
OKLAHOMA
1901
Troops
Army battles Creek Indian revolt.
PANAMA
1901-14
Naval, troops
Broke off from Colombia 1903, annexed Canal
Zone 1914-99.
HONDURAS
1903
Troops
Marines intervene in revolution.
DOMINICAN REP.
1903-04
Troops
U.S. interests protected in Revolution.
KOREA
1904-05
Troops
Marines land in Russo-Japanese War.
CUBA
1906-09
Troops/Marines land in democratic election.
NICARAGUA
1907
Troops
"Dollar Diplomacy" protectorate set
up.
HONDURAS
1907
Troops
Marines land during war with Nicaragua.
PANAMA
1908
TroopsÝ
/Marines intervene in election contest.
NICARAGUA
1910
Troops
Marines land in Bluefields and Corinto.
HONDURAS
1911
Troops/U.S. interests protected in civil war.
CHINA
1911-41
Naval, troops
Continuous occupation with flare-ups.
CUBA
1912
Troops/U.S. interests protected in Havana.
PANAMA
19l2
Troops/Marines land during heated election.
HONDURAS
19l2
Troops/Marines protect U.S. economic
interests.
NICARAGUA
1912-33
Troops, bombing
20-year occupation, fought guerrillas.
MEXICO
19l3
Naval/Americans evacuated during revolution.
DOMINICAN REPUBLIC
1914
Naval/Fight with rebels over Santo Domingo.
COLORADO
1914
Troops/Breaking of miners' strike by Army.
MEXICO
1914-18
Naval, troops
Series of interventions against nationalists.
HAITI
1914-34
Troops, bombing
19-year occupation after revolts.
DOMINICAN REPUBLIC
1916-24
Troops
8-year Marine occupation.
CUBA
1917-33
Troops/Military occupation, economic
protectorate.
WORLD WAR I
19l7-18
Naval, troops
Ships sunk, fought Germany
RUSSIA
1918-22
Naval, troops
Five landings to fight Bolsheviks.
PANAMA
1918-20
Troops
"Police duty" during unrest after
elections.
YUGOSLAVIA
1919
Troops
Marines intervene for Italy against Serbs in
Dalmatia.
HONDURAS
1919
Troops
Marines land during election campaign.
GUATEMALA
1920
Troops
2-week intervention against unionists.
WEST VIRGINIA
1920-21
Troops, bombing
Army intervenes against mineworkers.
TURKEY
1922
Troops
Fought nationalists in Smyrna (Izmir).
CHINA
1922-27
Naval, troops
Deployment during nationalist revolt.
HONDURAS
1924-25
Troops
Landed twice during election strife.
PANAMA
1925
Troops/Marines suppress general strike.
CHINA
1927-34
Troops/Marines stationed throughout the
country.
EL SALVADOR
1932
Naval/Warships sent during Farabundo Marti
revolt.
WASHINGTON DC
1932
Troops/Army stops WWI vet bonus protest.
WORLD WAR II
1941-45
Naval,troops, bombing, nuclear
Fought Axis for 3 years; 1st nuclear war.
DETROIT
1943
Troops
Army puts down Black rebellion.
IRAN
1946
Nuclear threat
Soviet troops told to leave north (Iranian
Azerbaijan).
YUGOSLAVIA
1946
Naval/Response to shooting-down of U.S.
plane.
URUGUAY
1947
Nuclear threat
Bombers deployed as show of strength.
GREECE
1947-49
Command operation
U.S. directs extreme-right in civil war.
CHINA
1948-49
Troops
Marines evacuate Americans before Communist
victory.
GERMANY
1948
Nuclear threat
Atomic-capable bombers guard Berlin Airlift.
PHILIPPINES
1948-54
Command operation
CIA directs war against Huk Rebellion.
PUERTO RICO
1950
Command operation
Independence rebellion crushed in Ponce.
KOREA
1950-53
Troops, naval, bombing, nuclear threats
U.S.& South Korea fight China & North
Korea to stalemate; A-bomb threat in 1950, & vs. China in 1953. Still have
bases.
IRAN
1953
Command operation
CIA overthrows democracy, installs Shah.
VIETNAM
1954
Nuclear threat
Bombs offered to French to use against siege.
GUATEMALA
1954
Command operation, bombing, nuclear threat
CIA directs exile invasion after new govt nationalizes U.S. company lands;
bombers based in Nicaragua.
EGYPT
1956
Nuclear threat, troops
Soviets told to keep out of Suez crisis; Marines
evacuate foreigners
LEBANON
1958
Troops, naval/Marine occupation against rebels.
IRAQ
1958
Nuclear threat
Iraq warned against invading Kuwait.
CHINA
1958
Nuclear threat
China told not to move on Taiwan isles.
PANAMA
1958
Troops/Flag protests erupt into
confrontation.
VIETNAM
1960-75
Troops, naval, bombing, nuclear threats
Fought South Vietnam revolt & North Vietnam; 1-2 million killed in longest
U.S. war; atomic bomb threats in 1968 and 1969.
CUBA
1961
Command operation CIA-directed exile invasion
fails.
GERMANY
1961
Nuclear threat Alert during Berlin Wall
crisis.
CUBA
1962
Nuclear threat, Naval
Blockade during missile crisis; near-war with
USSR.
LAOS
1962
Command operation
Military buildup during guerrilla war.
PANAMA
1964
Troops/Panamanians shot for urging canal's
return.
INDONESIA
1965
Command operation Million killed in
CIA-assisted army coup.
DOMINICAN REPUBLIC
1965-66
Troops, bombing Marines land during election
campaign.
GUATEMALA
1966-67
Command operation Green Berets intervene
against rebels.
DETROIT
1967
Troops/Army battles Blacks, 43 killed.
UNITED STATES
1968
Troops/After King is shot; over 21,000
soldiers in cities.
CAMBODIA
1969-75
Bombing, troops, naval Up to 2 million killed
in decade of bombing, starvation, and political chaos.
OMAN
1970
Command operation U.S. directs Iranian marine
invasion.
LAOS
1971-73
Command operation, bombing U.S. directs South
Vietnamese invasion; "carpet-bombs" countryside.
SOUTH DAKOTA
1973
Command operation Army directs Wounded Knee
siege of Lakotas.
MIDEAST
1973
Nuclear threat World-wide alert during
Mideast War.
CHILE
1973
Command operation CIA-backed coup ousts
elected marxist president.
CAMBODIA
1975
Troops, bombing Gas captured ship, 28 die in
copter crash.
ANGOLA
1976-92
Command operation CIA assists South
African-backed rebels.
IRAN
1980
Troops, nuclear threat, aborted bombing Raid
to rescue Emba-ssy hostages; 8 troops die in copter-plane crash. Soviets
war-ned not to get involved in revolution.
LIBYA
1981
Naval jets Two Libyan jets shot down in
maneuvers.
EL SALVADOR
1981-92
Command operation, troops Advisors,
overflights aid anti-rebel war, soldiers briefly involved in hostage clash.
NICARAGUA
1981-90
Command operation, naval CIA directs exile
(Contra) invasions, plants harbor mines against revolution.
LEBANON
1982-84
Naval, bombing, troops Marines expel PLO and
back Phalangists, Navy bombs and shells Muslim and Syrian positions.
HONDURAS
1983-89
Troops/Maneuvers help build bases near
borders.
GRENADA
1983-84
Troops, bombing Invasion four years after
revolution.
IRAN
1984
Jets/ Two Iranian jets shot down over Persian
Gulf.
LIBYA
1986
Bombing, naval Air strikes to topple
nationalist gov't.
BOLIVIA
1986
Troops Army assists raids on cocaine region.
IRAN
1987-88
Naval, bombing US intervenes on side of Iraq
in war.
LIBYA
1989
Naval jets Two Libyan jets shot down.
VIRGIN ISLANDS
1989
Troops
St. Croix Black unrest after storm.
PHILIPPINES
1989
Jets / Air cover provided for government
against coup.
PANAMA
1989-90
Troops, bombing
Nationalist government ousted by 27,000
soldiers, leaders arrested, 2000+ killed.
LIBERIA
1990
Troops
Foreigners evacuated during civil war.
SAUDI ARABIA
1990-91
Troops, jets Iraq countered after invading
Kuwait; 540,000 troops also stationed in Oman, Qatar, Bahrain, UAE, Israel.
IRAQ
1990-?
Bombing, troops, naval Blockade of Iraqi and
Jordanian ports, air strikes; 200,000+ killed in invasion of Iraq and Kuwait;
no-fly zone over Kurdish north, Shiite south, large-scale destruction of Iraqi
military.
KUWAIT
1991
Naval, bombing, troops Kuwait royal family
returned to throne.
LOS ANGELES
1992
Troops
Army, Marines deployed against anti-police
uprising.
SOMALIA
1992-94
Troops, naval, bombing U.S.-led United
Nations occupation during civil war; raids against one Mogadishu faction.
YUGOSLAVIA
1992-94
Naval Nato blockade of Serbia and Montenegro.
BOSNIA
1993-95
Jets, bombing No-fly zone patrolled in civil
war; downed jets, bombed Serbs.
HAITI
1994-96
Troops, naval
Blockade against military government; troops
restore President Aristide to office three years after coup.
CROATIA
1995
Bombing
Krajina Serb airfields attacked before
Croatian offensive.
ZAIRE (CONGO)
1996-97
Troops
Marines at Rwandan Hutu refuge camps, in area
where Congo revolution begins.
LIBERIA
1997
Troops
Soldiers under fire during evacuation of
foreigners.
ALBANIA
1997
Troops
Soldiers under fire during evacuation of
foreigners.
SUDAN
1998
Missiles
Attack on pharmaceutical plant alleged to be
"terrorist" nerve gas plant.
AFGHANISTAN
1998
Missiles
Attack on former CIA training camps used by
Islamic fundamentalist groups alleged to have attacked embassies.
IRAQ
1998-?
Bombing, Missiles
Four days of intensive air strikes after
weapons inspectors allege Iraqi obstructions.
YUGOSLAVIA
1999-?
Bombing, Missiles
Heavy NATO air strikes after Serbia declines
to withdraw from Kosovo.
YEMEN
2000
Naval
Suicide bomb attack on USS Cole.
MACEDONIA
2001
Troops
NATO troops shift and partially disarm
Albanian rebels.
UNITED STATES
2001
Jets, naval
Response to hijacking attacks.
AFGHANISTAN
2001
Massive U.S. mobilization to attack Taliban,
Bin Laden. War could expand to Iraq, Sudan, and beyond.
(The first bombing began on OctoberÝ 7, 2001. Several Afghan cities come under
aerial attack. The story continues).
For more information or with comments and
additions please contact:
Zoltan Grossman, 1705 Rutledge, Madison, WI
53704
Phone Fax (608)246-2256. mtn@igc.apc.org